诉“发生在”记得“之前） He remembered to tell her that when she
came back. （“记得”发生在“告诉”之前）
I’m sorry I forgot to give you the message. （主
语动词表示的动作“忘记”发生在不定式表
示的动作“给带口信”之前） Why！ I have such a bad memory. I forgot
giving the message last night. （-ING分词
表示的动作“给带口信”发生在谓语动词表
示的动作“忘记”之前）
5. stop， go on和leave off之后跟接动词不定式和-ING分词所表达的意义有所不同
They stopped （talking） to work. ［停下（其他动作）来工作］
They stopped working. ［停下工作（来干其他动作）］
Workers went on discussing the problem. ［工人继续讨论这一问题］
Workers went on to discuss the problem.［工人们停下来其他事，继续讨论这一问题］
He left off writing.［他停下写作（去干其他事）］
He left off to write.［他停下（其他事）来写作］
6. … used to后跟不定式和-ING分词，后跟不定式有两种情况：一种是used to是固定用法表示“过去经常干……”；另外一种情况是use的被动词态“be used”后跟不定式；后跟-ING分词的情况有一种，那就是当used to中的used是形容词时，to后跟名词或-ING分词
7） When he was in the plastic plant， he together with the workers.
［A］ has worked ［B］ had worked ［C］ had been worked ［D］ used to work
8） You will soon this climate and then the changes in temperature will not affect you.
［A］ get used to［B］ get to［C］ get over［D］ get on with
9） Mr. Anderson used to jogging ［A］ in the crisp morning ［B］ air during ［C］ the winter months ［D］ ， but now he has stopped.
7. 一般情况下，for后边跟接there to be，而of后边则跟接there being
10） It is fairly common in Africa for there an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping， singing， or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound.
［A］ to be ［B］ being ［C］ to have been ［D］ having been
来自及物动词的-ED分词所表示的是被动意义；来自不及物动词的-ED分词则可表示主动和完成的意义：fallen leaves （落叶），a full-blown rose （盛开的玫瑰）， escaped prinsoners（逃犯）， the exploded bomb， her deceased husband， the retired workers， the vanished jewels， the newly arrived visitors， the returned students， the risen sun.
三、例题解析
1） A为正确答案。（一般性的动作。） 2） A为正确答案。（连续的动作。）
3） D错。 改为harvesting（抽象的动作）。 4） A为正确答案。（已完成的动作。）
5） C错。 改为to be interviewed（将要发生的动作）。 6） C错。改为to kill（不定或未来动作）。
15） A错。改为boiling.-ED分词含有完成和被动的意思，-ING分词则表示主动、进行，也可用作前置定语表示性状、用途。如：“boiling water（water which is boiling.）”意思是“开水”，意即“正在开着的水”，而“boiled water（water which has been boiled.）”虽也可译为“开水”，但表示“已开过了的水（现在可能凉了）。”本句A处应改为boiling，“boiling point”意思是“沸点”。
The glass is broken. / He was amused. / She seemed quite disappointed. / He is greatly discouraged by her refusal of inviting her to the party. / The window remains locked.
1） Commercial banks make most of their income from interest on loans and investments in stocks and bonds.
［A］ earn ［B］ earned ［C］ to earn［D］ was earned
2） On his return from his college， he found the house .
［A］ deserting［B］ deserted［C］ desert［D］ to be deserted
3） The age ［A］ of a geological sample can be estimated ［B］ from the ratio of radioactive to nonradioactive carbon present ［C］ in the object is examined ［D］ .
10） D为正确答案。本句的意思是“由于（被）写得急，……”，所以A和C不对。虽然B中的主语“plenty of errors”与“written”逻辑上可以呼应，但与“in the great haste”不一致。 “Written in great haste”的逻辑主语还是“the books”。所以D正确。
11） D为正确答案。从上下文看，空档处的主语应是表示要点的名词（“as a city”），那么A不对；B和C都是一分句，而空档后是谓语部分，它们不作为正确选项。
12） D为正确答案。
13） C为正确答案。
14） A 对。本句的主语为pines（松树） ，这样就排除了B 选项，因为-ING分词表主动，而“松树”不可能是“找”（find）这个动作的逻辑主语，即动作发出者。故只有A“found”（被发现） 的逻辑主语与“pines”一致，应选A.
15） D为正确答案。
16） A为正确答案。空档前是-ED分词短语，空档处应是主谓俱全句，排除B和D.从-ED分词短语中（Known for her …）可知，主句的主语是人而不是物，所以C也不对。
1） the matriculation for postgraduate is probably the turning point of my life.
［A］ Taking the part of ［B］ Taking part in ［C］ To take the part of ［D］ To take the notice in
2） a teacher is being present at the creation， when the clay begins to breathe.
［A］ As［B］ To be［C］ Is［D］ Being
3） by transforming the blame to others is often called scapegoating.
［A］Eliminate problems［B］The eliminated problems［C］Eliminating problems[D］Problems are eliminated
2. 有时可以用it做形式主语
It’s waste of time arguing with the gossip about it.
It’s interesting having traveled to Beidaihe this year.［说明：从这句中我们可以看出，这种结构通常适用于名词和形容词。但不适用于像possible， important， essential， necessary等表示性质的形容词，这些词后面一般要跟动词不定式。我们不能说 It’s quite necessary taking part in the negociation.应改作It’s quite necessary to take part in the negociation.］
It’s glorious getting involved in working out the plan.
4） It is ［A］ possible determining that ［B］ French explorers reached the jucture of ［C］ the Kansas and Missouri rivers ［D］ in the seventeenth century.
二、作表语的-ING分词
Seeing is believing.
His aims are learning two foreign languages and applying the theory he has learned to practice.
［A］ to be seen ［B］ have been seen ［C］ seeing ［D］ being seen
6） I came late and missed Jack winning.
［A］ to see［B］ seeing［C］ see［D］ seen
7） “I see our boss coming down the hall.”
“Then we’d better quit and get down to business.”
［A］ talking［B］ to talk［C］ from talking［D］ having talk
8） The young doctor first ［A］ practised to use ［B］ the needles on ［C］ his own ［D］ wrist.
9） Some experts have advocated to bring ［A］ that country into ［B］ the talks， to revive the intermittent dialogue ［C］ that began ［D］ after the 1967 Middle East War.
12） Scientists measure the hardness ［A］ of a material ［B］ by comparatively ［C］ with a table of ten well-known ［D］ metals.
13） Her mother did not ［A］ approve of her to go ［B］ to the party without dressing ［C］ formally ［D］ .
14） Although many women’s colleges ［A］ have been coeducational ［B］ ， other universities remain committed to keep ［C］ their facilities separate ［D］ .
15） We insist on you leave ［A］ the place before ［B］ any further ［C］ disturbances take place ［D］ .
2. 名词（形容词，不及物动词）＋介词to（不要把它视为动词不定式的标志）。下面是大纲中所列短语中的“to”为介词：（be） contrary to （与…相反），object（objection）to （反对）， with a view to （为…起见），（be） opposed to （反对）， in contrast to （与…成对比），be used to （习惯于）， be exposed to， be dedicated to （致力于），resort to （诉诸于）， as to （关于）， be accustomed to （习惯于）， be devoted to （献身于）， be committed to （委身于）， react to （对…反应）， with regard to （关于）， look forward to （期待）， contribute to （贡献），owe to由于，归功于等
16） I have no objection the evening with them.
［A］ to spend ［B］ to spending ［C］ to have spent ［D］ to have to spend
17） Why do you object to the direction？
［A］ following ［B］ follow ［C］ have follow ［D］ have been followed
18） Mr. Brown often wore ［A］ a heavy coat ［B］ because he was not used to live ［C］ in such a ［D］ cold climate.
19） Livy was the ［A］ only great historian of the time ［B］ ， and he devoted his attention to give ［C］ the world splendid ［D］ pictures.
3. 动词＋副词＋介词＋ -ING
I look forward to her coming soon.
4. 形容词（或具有形容词性质的-ED分词）＋介词＋ -ING
I am proud of having such a son.
He is greatly honored of shaking hands with the President.
It’s impossible for him finishing the task in such a short time.
He is interested in playing table tennis.
5. 表示征询意见的 “How about…？”， “What…about？”
How about going there？
What about having a concert？
20） How about to the movies tonight？
［A］ going［B］ if go［C］ to go［D］ if we go
6. 前面省略了介词in的-ING惯用法
The two children are busy doing their homework.
Mr. Smith has difficulty fulfilling the task.
There is no use going over the lessons before the night of exam.
He has spent a lot of time preparing the exam for the postgraduate.
Xiao Li lost no time catching up with his classmates.
Coming into the room， I found him sobbing. （=When I came into the room， I found him sobbing.） 在这里coming这一-ING分词动作发生时，紧接着（几乎是同时）发生了谓语动作，有“一……就”的意思。
Pulling his body in the car， he drove away.（=After he pulled his body in the car， he drove away.）
24） Those naughty boys were caught flowers in the garden again.
［A］to steal［B］stealing［C］ having stolen［D］stolen
25） Daniel walked up and down ［A］ as he listened， hands behind ［B］ his back， now and then ［C］ asked ［D］ a question.
2. 表示方式
Being a clever girl， she was sent to college by her father.（此例不可改成：Being a clever girl， her father sent her to college.因为分词短语的逻辑主语不是“her father ”， 而只能是“she ”。）
如果-ING分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，-ING分词前可以加when，while等连词，可放在句首或句末：When arriving home， he found the door opened. / He listened to the music radio while reading.
26） ，Tony jumped into the river and saved the drowning man.
［A］ Good swimer as he is ［B］ He can swim very well
［C］ Being that he was a good swimmer ［D］ Being a good swimmer
27） the kind of man he was， he did not pay much attention to it at first.
［A］ To be［B］ Being［C］ Having been［D］ Though to be
28） Was a dancer ［A］ and blues singer before ［B］ the age of eight ［C］ ，Florence Mills made her ［D］ vaudeville debut（轻歌舞首演） in 1910.
3. 表示原因
Not having had any letter from Tom， Marry was worried.（=Marry was worried because she did not have any letter from Tom.）
Having got a headache， I didn’t come to the concert. （=Because I got a headache， I didn’t come to the concert.）
29） Most of the people， ， could not go to sleep that night after the party.
being so excited
［A］ being so excited ［B］ be so excited ［C］ being so exciting ［D］ be so exciting
30） Having the highest marks in his class， .
［A］ the college offered him a scholarship ［B］ he was offered a scholarship by the college
［C］ a scholarship was offered him by the college ［D］ a college scholarship was offered to him
4. 表示条件：一般放在句首
Knowing anything about it， I will tell you all. （=If I know anything about it， I will tell you all.）
Working diligently， you will pass the entrance exam. （=If you work diligently， you will pass the entrance exam.）
5. 表示让步：表示让步的-ING分词常常由although/though， even if/though， unless等连词引入，一般放在句首
Having great diffculties in the course of working， they finished the task ahead of time.
Buying a lot of reference books for the exam， he failed in it because of the learning method.
Although repeating his words many times， the teacher could not make his students understand the concret concept of philosophy.
Even if coming by taxi， I will arrive in at least 45 minutes.
6. 表示结果：置于句末，前面要加so， thereby， thus， hence等表示结果的副词
He worked day and night， making himself near sighted.
Not making what he meant misunderstood， he adjusted his tones to underline his meaning.
The workers worked 14 hours a day， thus producing products three times as they did last month.
He wished to travel all over the world， thereby studying customs of other countries.
31） The bus was held up by the traffic jam， .
［A］ thus causing the delay［B］ so that caused the delay
5） We refuse that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults（银行保管库） of this nation.
［A］ to believe ［B］ to be belived［C］ beliving
［D］ have belived6） The green turtle has been known over 2，000 miles to return to a nesting site.
［A］ in the navigating ［B］ the navigation ［C］ to navigate ［D］ navigation
7） For the ［A］ first time Venusian scientists managed landing ［B］ a satellite on the planet Earth， and it has been sending ［C］ back signals as well as ［D］ photographs ever since.
8） The day is past when Chinese universities and colleges to give high school diplomas to all who sit through four years of instruction， regardless of whether any visible results can be discerned.
［A］ afforded［B］ affording［C］ to afford
［D］ can afford从上例我们可以看出afford一般与can和can’t或could和couldn’t连用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future. / The boss’s plan is to start building the skycraper immediately. / What I want to say is to get rid of the plan forever.
11） The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was providing ［A］ large uninterrupted floor areas ［B］ and to allow ample light ［C］ into the interior ［D］ .
12） The most important ［A］ thing is negociate ［B］ with them about ［C］ the future of ［D］ the plant.
13） The flexibility of film allows the artist unstrained imagination to the animation of cartoon characters.
［A］ to bring［B］ bringing［C］ is brought［D］ brings
14） Billie Holiday’s reputation as a great jazzblues singer rests on her ability emotional depth to her songs.
［A］ be giving［B］ are given［C］ being given［D］ to give 另外，有些词的不定式定语有主谓关系，如除了上述例句以外，还有些词常跟不定式作定语。这些词主要有decision （to make）， （a） need （to eat）， opportunity （to speak），reason（to learn a foreing language）， time （to sth）等。
2. 动词不定式作定语往往有一层动宾关系，即所修饰的名词是不定式的宾语
15） Alice was having ［A］ trouble to control ［B］ the children because there were ［C］ so many ［D］ of them.
16） There are so many reference books for matriculation of postgraduate and I haven’t decided which book .
［A］ to buy［B］ buy［C］to be buying［D］ buying
17） Astronauts can be affected by loneliness for they have to sit in the spacecraft for weeks with very little and no one .
He has a lot of trifles to deal with./ I had got no place to live in./That girl has nothing to worry about./the subject to concentrate on. / He has a strict teacher to listen to. / She has four children to look after. / She had a sick mother to live with. / This is the very person to sell your ticket to.
18） Although the lecture had already been on for five minutes， I still was not able to find a chair .
［A］ to sit［B］ for to sit on［C］ to sit on［D］ for sitting
19） During ［A］ the 19th century scientists found ［B］ that when certain parts of the brain were damaged ［C］ men lost the ability doing ［D］ certain things.
20） What is new， however， is the scientific attempt whether other planets beyond our own have given birth to advanced civilizations.
［A］ discover［B］ discovers［C］ discovering［D］ to discover
21） Surely her daughter would make an even bigger effort her？
［A］ please ［B］ pleased ［C］ to please ［D］ having pleased
五、不定式作状语
注意作状语的动词不定式要与其逻辑主语在意义上和数上的一致。
1. 表示目的
22） its plans to promote disarmaments，the party has decided to establish a campaign headquarters with Benjamin Seaman as its leader.
［A］Although［B］To carry out［C］Except that［D］ Make
23） pure lead，the lead ore is mined，then smelted，and finally refined.
［A］ Obtaining［B］ Being obtained［C］ To obtain［D］ It is obtained
24） When they met，Leonardo and his enemy were fighting .
［A］killed each other［B］killing each other［C］to be killed each other
［D］to kill each other
2. 表示结果，在这种情况下，不定式的逻辑主语也是全句的主语
He must be cripple not to walk by himself./It seems that the employee didn’t sleep at all to be so sleepy in the early morning. / What have I done for you to deserve such an amount of money？
还有固定搭配的不定式表示结果：so…as to； such（…） as to …； enough to…； too…to…； in order to … 等
We have got so plenty of food as to treat our guests./ Is that room big enough to seat all of us？/ He is too young to fit that job.
3. 表示原因
It’s very kind of you to say so. / I am pretty pleased to hear the news that you are elected as the president of the club. / I’m sorry to interrupt you. / They are quite surprised to see the great changes taking place in the area.
6） Some ［A］ types of naphtha（石油脑） are employed to dissolving ［B］ rubber ［C］ and to thin paints and ［D］ varnish.
7） The Statue of Liberty was originally ［A］ proposed ［B］ in 1865 to commemoration ［C］ the alliance ［D］ of France with the American colonies during the American Revolution.
8） The purpose ［A］ of inductive logic ［B］ is to inferring ［C］ general laws from particular occurrences ［D］ .
情态动词有can（能），may（可以），must（必须），have to（不得不），ought to（应该），dare（敢），used to（过去经常），had better（最好），would rather（宁愿）。在肯定句中它们后边都要接 动词原形 .在否定句中，can，may，must和dare后边加not；have to和ought to分别在have和ought后加not；used to的否定式可用used not to，也可用didn’t use to，但后者用得较多；had better和would rather的否定式分别是had better not和would rather not.这些情态动词与现在完成时连用在某种意义上有一定的虚拟性。
情态动词与完成时的使用
一、must+have+ED分词：用于肯定句，表示对过去情况的一种肯定推测，表示“肯定，一定”
1） It around nine o’clock when I drove back home because it was already dark.
［A］ had to be ［B］ must have been ［C］ was to be ［D］ must be
2） John’s score on the test is the highest in the class；
［A］ he should study last night
［B］ he should have studied last night
［C］ he must have studied last night
［D］ he must had to study last night
3） After searching ［A］ for evidence in the house，the police concluded ［B］ that the thief must have come in ［C］ through the window and stole ［D］ the silver while the family was asleep.
I simply can’t understand how he could have made such a mistake. 我简直不明白他怎么会犯那样的错误。
He walked there，but he could have taken a taxi. 他走着去了，可当时完全可以坐出租。
“couldn’t+have+ED分词”还表示无论如何也不可能或没有做到
I couldn’t have called you. I wasn’t near a telephone. 反正我也不可能给你打电话，我附近没有电话。
5） “We didn’t see him at the lecture yesterday.”He it.“
［A］ mustn’t attended［B］ couldn’t have attended［C］ would have not attended［D］ needn’t have attended
六、needn’t+have+ED分词：表示对过去不必做的事情却做了，可译为“其实不必”
6） You all these parcels yourself.The shop would have delivered them if you had asked a shop assistant.
［A］ didn’t need to carry［B］ needn’t have carried［C］ needn’t carry［D］ didn’t need carry
七、used to 表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在，在否定陈述句中，一般用didn’t use to，也可用used not to；在疑问句中用“Did…use to”。used to还可never，often，always等连用。注意used to与be used to的不同，后者表示be accustomed to “习惯于某种状态”，而且跟接名词或ING形式，而used to后接动词原形，试比较
He used to drink. 表示“他过去经常喝酒”而现在不喝了。
He is used to wine （He is used to drinking wine） at each meal.
九、would rather 意思是“宁愿”，表示选择。它有两种用法，一是在肯定句中后边直接跟动词原形，其否定句是在would rather 后加not，即 would rather not＋动词原形；二是它后边可以跟接从句，该从句的谓语动词用一般过去式表示虚拟语气。由于would rather表示选择，它后边可跟接than
She would rather sleep than talk rubbish. 她宁愿睡不愿闲聊。
7） “Did you criticize him for his mistakes？”——“Yes，but it.”
［A］ I’d rather not do［B］ I’d rather not doing［C］ I’d rather not have done［D］ I’d rather not did
［注］ would rather和had rather都表示“宁愿”，在用法上也没有区别。但如果说would rather与had rather完全一样（Longman Dictionary of Comtemporary English 如是说），这一说法有争议。其实had rather在现代标准英语中几乎已经不用了。这对我们考试来说是比较重要的，因为一般考题作为标准英语是不用had rather的。
十、例题解析
1） B为正确答案。2） C为正确答案。
3） D错。改为stolen.这里C处和D处是并列的谓语，D处相当于must have stolen.
情态动词有can（能），may（可以），must（必须），have to（不得不），ought to（应该），dare（敢），used to（过去经常），had better（最好），would rather（宁愿）。在肯定句中它们后边都要接 动词原形 .在否定句中，can，may，must和dare后边加not；have to和ought to分别在have和ought后加not；used to的否定式可用used not to，也可用didn’t use to，但后者用得较多；had better和would rather的否定式分别是had better not和would rather not.这些情态动词与现在完成时连用在某种意义上有一定的虚拟性。
肯定句和否定句中的情态动词
一、情态动词的现在式在肯定句中的比较
1. can表示体力或脑力方面的“能力”、“技能”或根据客观条件能做某种动作的“可能性”
1） Mild forms of execrise can some of the loss of flexibility that accompanies aging.
［A］ stop［B］ to stop［C］ stopping［D］ be stopped但表示人体力或智力的具体动作时须用 be able to
He was able to do that without any help.他不需要任何帮助就能完成这项工作。
2. may表示“允许，可以”，相当于be allowed to
2） If there is social or political change in a region ［A］ where a standard language ［B］ is spoken， local varieties ［C］ of the language may developing ［D］ .
may或might可和as well连用，表示“建议”，译为“还是……的为好”
You may as well keep a certain distance from that mad man. 你们还是离那疯子远点为好。
You might as well go home now.你还是现在回家为好。
3. must表示“必须”或“应当”、“一定”
3） The formation of snow must be occurring ［A］ slowly ［B］ ， in calm air， and at a temperature near ［C］ the freezing point ［D］ .
4. have to 加动词原形，表示“不得不”，“必须”，它比must更强调客观
Tom had to work into the deep night everyday to earn a living. 汤姆为了生计每天都得工作到深夜。
5. should 表示“劝告”，“建议”或“义务”时，译作“应当”，或表示“预测”和“可能”
He should take care of his parents as they are old enough not to live on themselves. 由于父母亲老了，不能自理，他应当照顾他们。
四川师范大学成教_成人专升本-成教函授报名网
